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Doctoral Student @ MIT
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Top answers from some of our sessions.
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I think these social media tech giants are right because at law; where ever there is a right , there is an obligation. Though there is enormous efforts by stake holders in recent years to protect freedom of expression online and offline every one (digital citizens inclusive) owe each other the obligation not to abuse these rights . For instance defamation; with the advent and impact of the internet, and particularly social media networks, it is easier than ever to publish content to a very wide audience in no time . Therefore article 17 of the ICCPR provides for the protection against unlawful attacks on a person's honour and reputation as section 19(3) of same ICCPR equally makes reference to the rights and reputation of others as a legitimate ground of limitation of these rights of freedom of expression. Reputation is the underlying basis in any claim of defamation or libel . Most countries have domestic legislations with varying consequences relating to acts that constitute defamation and libel . Other acts that may limit these rights are; breach of Privacy ; Harrasment(cyber bullying) and hate speech. Not all speech is protected under international law and some form of speeches are required to be prohibited by states. For example; Article 20 of the ICCPR provides as follows; (1) Any propaganda for war shall be prohibited by law . (2) Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to descrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law . Reference could equally be made to Article 4 of the International Convention on all forms of Racial Discrimination requires that ; the dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred as well as acts of violence or incitement to such acts against any race or group of persons of another colour or ethnicity must be declared an offence punishable by law . Hate Speech provisions under international law is distinguished under 3 different categories which is as follows ; (1) that which must be respected. (2) that which may be restricted (2) that which is lawful and subject to protection.

Dr Arrey Collins
Human Rights & Humanitarian Lawyer @ Avocats Sans Frontieres Humanitaires du Cameroun
The use or existence of renewable energy is not directly related to carbon emissions. Ghana had a 3.54% carbon footprint in 2016, while Africa's global compounded carbon footprint is expected to be 3.8% by 2021. This means that Africa's contribution to the total of 76% of CO2 emissions is extremely small. Renewable energy sources are more of a convenience factor than a global concern. In remote villages, using a solar-paneled lamp at night is easier and safer than using a kerosene lamp. How much more expensive is kerosene today compared to 20 years ago? Renewable energy will not be able to replace conventional energy. Take note that the amount of fossil fuels used to manufacture an electric car's battery is greater than the amount used to drive 60 (average fuel consumption) cars over a 100km road. For a family, having a well dug within their property is safer and easier than having the kids run to the streams at night out of a rampant fear of watercraft. Renewable energy sources play an important role. How many years do we need to wait for geothermal sources? Is electricity, by the way, not derived from a renewable source? Dams are used to generate electricity from naturally flowing streams that are fed by an inland flow of water. The more living things die, the more biomass there is. Renewables will always be a question, as old as recycling and as new as 7th generation electric vehicles. I am ready to learn more from you.

Loic Bethel Dje
Youth and Apex Performance Mentor | Initiator @ PureBreedSbe
I think my point of view is on the contrary because the African Commission does not make pronouncements on cases that are not brought before it. There is a proper legal framework in place on how cases can be brought before the commission. Cases are usually brought to the Commission by those who are directly affected by the relevant violation of their rights . However under certain circumstances it may be preferable to involve NGOs in a representative capacity. Nevertheless, there are different regional courts that have different standing provisions in this regard . But as for the ACHPR , all NGOs are permitted to file communications contrary to the African Court which limits this to NGOs with AU observer status . For instance in your Ugandan internet shut down case , NGOs are in a better place to act as whistle blowers because they are better placed to lobby and engage in advocacy campaigns and able to reach a wider audience. For instance where there may be fear of reprisals for instituting an action against the state , NGOs may be better placed to bear the brunt of such reprisals , NGOs may equally have expert knowledge, including technical and technological knowledge which are pertinent to digital rights cases. Just like in the "Federation of African Journalists"; a combination of institutional and individual approach can be an effective remedy towards such cases on internet shut down .

Dr Arrey Collins
Human Rights & Humanitarian Lawyer @ Avocats Sans Frontieres Humanitaires du Cameroun
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